Master Your Contracts with the Universal Postal Union (UPU)

 

The Universal Postal Union (UPU) in Berne, Switzerland, is a powerful global organization that oversees international commerce and dispute resolution through the postal system. By understanding and using the UPU’s authority, you can take control of your legal and financial contracts, ensuring you’re a player in the system, not a pawn. Here’s how it works and how you can use it to your advantage.The UPU: The Global Overseer of CommerceThe UPU, established in 1874 by the Treaty of Berne, coordinates postal systems and commercial interactions among 191 member countries, including the United States. Every nation’s postal service operates under UPU treaties, making it the backbone of global commerce and banking. In the international realm, known as “admiralty jurisdiction” (a private commercial system), the UPU acts as the supreme authority, managing contracts and disputes for governments and corporations, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which holds creditor status in many national bankruptcies.Before the UPU, countries like the early USA under the Articles of Confederation struggled to be recognized globally because each state had its own laws, blocking unified international trade. The UPU creates a common framework, ensuring all nations can engage in commerce under its rules.Why Use the Post Office?Always send important legal and commercial documents through the U.S. Post Office, not private carriers like UPS or FedEx. Why? The Post Office connects directly to the UPU’s authority, giving you access to powerful remedies. If the U.S. Postmaster doesn’t address your issue within 21 days, you can escalate it to the UPU for resolution. Private carriers act as barriers, limiting your access to this global system.The Power of Postage StampsUsing a postage stamp on any document—checks, court papers, or travel documents—invokes the UPU’s authority and makes you the “postmaster” of that contract. Here’s how to do it right:

• Autograph Across the Stamp: Write your full name (e.g., John Henry Smith, not J.H. Smith) at a 45-degree angle across an adhesive stamp, using ink that stands out (purple for royalty, blue for bond origin, or gold for your authority; avoid red). This marks you as the contract’s master.
• Choose Your Stamp: A $1 stamp is ideal for critical documents like passports, but any stamp works in a pinch. Two-cent stamps honor the historic U.S. Post Office rate and are practical for everyday use.
• Placement Matters:
  • Checks or Contracts: Place a stamp on the bottom right corner of the front (signifying liability) and back (the final position, preventing others from adding endorsements). If using one stamp, place it where you sign and autograph across it.
  • Court Documents: Put a stamp on the bottom right corner of the back of each page to prevent judges from dismissing your papers as “blank.” Write your EIN (Social Security Number without dashes) in gold ink on the top right corner of every page’s front.
  • Traffic Tickets: Place a stamp where you’re asked to sign and autograph across it at a 45-degree angle.

Autographing a stamp creates a “cross-claim,” placing your document under the UPU’s international jurisdiction, which trumps local courts. Officials who see this often back off, knowing their authority is subordinate. If they don’t, contact the U.S. Postmaster or escalate to the UPU.Stamps and Court StrategiesIn court, stamps give you leverage:

• Civil vs. Criminal: A stamp on the back of court documents, autographed and sealed with your bullet stamp (personal seal), proves you hold the civil obligation, canceling any criminal charges.
• Prevent Judicial Tricks: Judges may flip documents to the blank back to claim they’re empty. A stamp on the back stops this tactic.
• Challenge Red-Meter Postage: Official mail often uses red-meter marks (uncanceled postage), which is mail fraud. Demand the prosecutor or postmaster explain this in court, as only canceled stamps have legal power under UPU rules.

How to Handle Legal DocumentsWhen you receive a summons, complaint, or other legal document:

1. Make a color copy or scan it into your computer.
2. Stamp the original’s first page with an “Accepted for Value” (A4V) or “Returned for Value” (R4V) stamp, add a postage stamp in the signature space, and autograph across it at a 45-degree angle in purple, blue, or gold ink. Place your bullet stamp (seal) on the stamp’s upper left corner.
3. Stamp and autograph the bottom right corner of the back of every page.
4. Have a notary send the documents back to the sender with a certificate of service, optionally including your affidavit (with a stamp on the front and back of each page).
5. If charged with mail fraud, subpoena the prosecutor to produce the original envelopes, which likely show red-meter postage, proving their fraud.

Why It WorksAutographing a stamp makes you the postmaster of the contract, placing it under UPU’s international law, which courts can’t override. The UPU governs global commerce, and your stamped documents signal you’re operating as the “living principal,” not a corporate entity. Officials like the FBI, CIA, or Treasury recognize this and often avoid confrontation to steer clear of mail fraud accusations.Maximize Your ImpactUse stamps from major powers like the U.S., China, Japan, or Great Britain for maximum effect, as they carry weight in global commerce. Combine stamps with a notary’s certificate for priority status. If questioned, don’t explain—let officials consult their legal counsel. As Calvin Coolidge said, “I have never been hurt by anything I didn’t say.”Take Control with Our ResourcesThe UPU is the master of global contracts, and you can use its authority to protect your rights. Our Secured Party Creditor Process Pack, including the Commercial Lien Manual, teaches you how to use stamps, UCC filings, and other tools to master contracts and win against the system. Start today and become the postmaster of your financial future!

The Commercial Lien Strategem.

Faced with corrupt lawyers and judges, no litigant can expect to win in court by simply
playing defense. To beat them, you must be able to scare them. You must be able to make
them respect you, and that means you must be able to take the offense — attack them
personally.

Unfortunately, judges, lawyers, and other government officials enjoy various levels of
personal immunity provided by both law and "professional courtesy." How do you sue a
lawyer for malpractice? You hire another lawyer — if you can find one who’ ll take the
case. How do you sue an IRS agent for violating your Constitutional rights? Only with
great difficulty. How you sue a judge for railroading you in court? You don ’ t.
As a practical matter, private citizens can’ t sue the President of the United States, a
Governor, judge, or even an IRS agent for failing to obey or enforce the laws. If we try to
sue in court to compel our government officials to obey the law and perform their lawful
duties, the judges routinely ignore our petitions and laugh us out of court.
Because legal and de facto immunities shield government personnel from being sued for
committing crimes against the People, the public is legally disarmed, unable to
aggressively sue the government or its agents and compel them to obey the Law. As a
result, the public’ s legal posture is fundamentally defensive: we try to duck, dodge, and
hide in legal loopholes to defend ourselves against the government and the courts. We try
to escape, evade, and avoid, but we seldom counter -attack against our antagonists, largely
because we think there are no lawful weapons to do so. However, it appears that a
powerful offensive legal weapon may now have been discovered, tested, and proven for
common Citizens — the commercial lien. We don’t try to sue a government official for
failing to perform his lawful duties. Instead, we simply file a lien that encumbers the
official’ s personal property and credit rating like a ton of bricks until he voluntarily
satisfies our demand to perform his lawful duty, and we, in turn, voluntarily agree to
excise the lien.
Example 1 — Edward J. Wagner, an hourly, unionized employee at General Electric,
received Notices of Levy from the IRS, garnishing his wages and moneys received from
several other sources. Wagner tried to persuade G.E. not to honor the Notices, since they
were not properly attested as "true bills of commerce." His efforts met with no success.
After giving G.E. proper Notice and Demand, Wagner and his wife filed a Commercial
Lien in the amount of $224,640,00.00. In the lien, Wagner impounded G.E. inventory
that he had worked on (including air conditioning units, analyzing equipment, etc.) as
security for the lien. This is similar t o an auto mechanic impounding a car he had repaired
("mechanic’ s lien"). This meant that G.E. could not lawfully sell or transfer the
equipment until the lien was either extinguished or satisfied.
Among the reasons for the high dollar amount are that the law allows for such high sums
as rewards for damages incurred, and it generally has to be large enough in relation to the
size of the company involved, to get its attention. Otherwise such a large company might
just ignore it.
Consequently, a legal war followed, and by June of ’ 92, G.E. had gone to court several
times trying to remove Wagner’s lien, all without any real success. This was in spite of
the fact that G.E. had the best, most highly paid, and highly motivated lawyers.
In June of ’ 92, the first major victory for the Wagners came. The IRS issued four
different official Releases of Levy, one to General Electric, plus three other places where
they had wages and income that the IRS had levied — the Port of Seattle, Dean Witter
Reynolds, and Ohio State Life Insurance Company. These effectively released the IRS ’ s
attachment on the Wagners ’ income and assets. That’ s a pretty solid testimonial to the
power of the arguments in Mr. Wagner’s lien.


Although this lien strategy is explosive, it ’ s more like nitro-glycerin than hydrogen
bombs. You need to be knowledgeable and careful to use nitro -glycerin, but you don’ t
need to be a nuclear physicist. However, nitro -glycerin can blow up in your face if you
handle it carelessly!
Likewise, "bombing" government officials with liens is a craft, not a science, that can be
used as easily by knowledgeable pro se’ s as it can by lawyers and legal scholars. The
commercial lien is simple, inexpensive, and takes very little time. It requires no court
action or judge’ s approval. And, it has proven to be very direct and effective, if it is
handled correctly. However, a few careless pro se’ s have had their liens "blow up" in
their faces, so be meticulous when you use them.

COMMERCIAL LIEN MANUAL INCLUDED IN SECURED PARTY CREDITOR PROCESS PACK.

Federal Children/through fraud and deception the federal corperation thinks they own you and your children.

In 1921, the federal Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act created the birth "registration" or what we now know as the "birth certificate." It was known as the "Maternity Act" and was sold to the American people as a law that would reduce maternal and infant mortality, protect the health of mothers and infants, and for "other purposes." One of those other purposes provided for the establishment of a federal bureau designed to cooperate with state agencies in the overseeing of its operations and expenditures. What it really did was create a federal birth registry which exists today, creating "federal children." This government, under the doctrine of "Parens Patriae," now legislates for American children as if they are owned by the federal government. Through the public school enrollment process and continuing license requirements for most aspects of daily life, these children grow up to be adults indoctrinated into the process of asking for "permission" from Daddy government to do all those things necessary to carry out daily activities that exist in what is called a "free country."

Before 1921 the records of births and names of children were entered into family bibles, as were the records of marriages and deaths. These records were readily accepted by both the family and the law as "official" records. Since 1921 the American people have been registering the births and names of their children with the government of the state in which they are born, even though there is no federal law requiring it. The state tells you that registering your child's birth through the birth certificate serves as proof that he/she was born in the united States , thereby making him/her a United States Citizen. For the past several years a social security number has been mandated by the federal government to be issued at birth.
In 1933, bankruptcy was declared by President Roosevelt. The governors of the then 48 States pledged the "full faith and credit" of their states, including the citizenry, as collateral for loans of credit from the Federal Reserve system. To wit:"Full faith and credit" clause of Const. U.S. article 4. sec. 1, requires that foreign judgement be given such faith and credit as it had by law or usage of state of it's origin. That foreign statutes are to have force and effect to which they are entitled in home state. And that a judgement or record shall have the same faith, credit, conclusive effect, and obligatory force in other states as it has by law or usage in the state from whence taken.Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. cites omitted.

The state claims an interest in every child within it's jurisdiction. The state will, if it deems it necessary, nullify your parental rights and appoint a guardian (trustee) over your children. The subject of every birth certificate is a child. The child is a valuable asset, which if properly trained, can contribute valuable assets provided by its labor for many years. It is presumed by those who have researched this issue, that the child itself is the asset of the trust established by the birth certificate, and the social security number is the numbering or registration of the trust, allowing for the assets of the trust to be tracked. If this information is true, your child is now owned by the state. Each one of us, including our children, are considered assets of the bankrupt united states. We are now designated by this government as "HUMAN RESOURCES," with a new crop born every year."

In 1923, a suit was brought against federal officials charged with the administration of the maternity act, who were citizens of another state, to enjoin them from enforcing it, wherein the plaintiff averred that the act was unconstitutional, and that it's purpose was to induce the States to yield sovereign rights reserved by them through the federal Constitution's 10th amendment and not granted to the federal government, and that the burden of the appropriations falls unequally upon the several States, held, that, as the statute does not require the plaintiff to do or yield anything, and as no burden is imposed by it other than that of taxation, which falls, not on the State but on her inhabitants, who are within the federal as well as the state taxing power, the complaint resolves down to the naked contention that Congress has usurped reserved powers of the States by the mere enactment of the statute, though nothing has been, or is to be, done under it without their consent (Commonwealth of Massachusetts vs. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, et al.; Frothingham v. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury et.al..) Mr. Alexander Lincoln, Assistant Attorney General, argued for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . To wit:

I. The act is unconstitutional. It purports to vest in agencies of the Federal Government powers which are almost wholly undefined, in matters relating to maternity and infancy, and to authorize appropriations of federal funds for the purposes of the act.

Many examples may be given and were stated in the debates on the bill in Congress of regulations which may be imposed under the act. THE FORCED REGISTRATION OF PREGNANCY, GOVERNMENTAL PRENATAL EXAMINATION OF EXPECTANT MOTHERS, RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHT OF A WOMAN TO SECURE THE SERVICES OF A MIDWIFE OR PHYSICIAN OF HER OWN SELECTION, are measures to which the people of those States which accept its provisions may be subjected. There is nothing which prohibits the payment of subsidies out of federal appropriations. INSURANCE OF MOTHERS MAY BE MADE COMPULSORY. THE TEACHING OF BIRTH CONTROL AND PHYSICAL INSPECTION OF PERSONS ABOUT TO MARRY MAY BE REQUIRED.

By section 4 of the act, the Children's Bureau is given all necessary powers to cooperate with the state agencies in the administration of the act. Hence it is given the power to assist in the enforcement of the plans submitted to it, and for that purpose by its agents to go into the several States and to do those acts for which the plans submitted may provide. As to what those plans shall provide, the final arbiters are the Bureau and the Board. THE FACT THAT IT WAS CONSIDERED NECESSARY IN EXPLICIT TERMS TO PRESERVE FROM INVASION BY FEDERAL OFFICIALS THE RIGHT OF THE PARENT TO THE CUSTODY AND CARE OF HIS CHILD AND THE SANCTITY OF HIS HOME SHOWS HOW FAR REACHING ARE THE POWERS WHICH WERE INTENDED TO BE GRANTED BY THE ACT.

(1) The act is invalid because it assumes powers not granted to Congress and usurps the local police power. McCulloch v. Maryland , 4 Wheat. 316, 405; United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 549-551.

In more recent cases, however, the Court has shown that there are limits to the power of Congress to pass legislation purporting to be based on one of the powers expressly granted to Congress which in fact usurps the reserved powers of the States, and that laws showing on their face detailed regulation of a matter wholly within the police power of the States will be held to be unconstitutional although they purport to be passed in the exercise of some constitutional power. Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251; Child Labor Tax Case, 259 U.S. 20; Hill v. Wallace, 259 U.S. 44.

The act is not made valid by the circumstance that federal powers are to be exercised only with respect to those States which accept the act, for Congress cannot assume, and state legislatures cannot yield, the powers reserved to the States by the Constitution. Message of President Monroe, May 4, 1822 ; 4 Elliot's Debates, p. 525; Pollard's Lessee v. Hagan, 3 How. 212; Escanaba Co. v. Chicago , 107 U.S. 678; Coyle v. Oklahoma , 221 U.S. 559; Cincinnati v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co., 223 U.S. 390.

(2) The act is invalid because it imposes on each State an illegal option either to yield a part of its powers reserved by the Tenth Amendment or to give up its share of appropriations under the act. A statute attempting, by imposing conditions upon a general privilege, to exact a waiver of a constitutional right, is null and void. Harrison v. St. Louis & San Francisco R.R. Co., 232 U.S. 318; Terral v. Burke Construction Co., 257 U.S. 529.

(3) The act is invalid because it sets up a system of government by cooperation between the Federal Government and certain of the States, not provided by the Constitution. Congress cannot make laws for the States, and it cannot delegate to the States the power to make laws for the United States . In re Rahrer, 140 U.S. 545; Knickerbocker Ice Co. v. Stewart, 253 U.S. 149; Opinion of the Justices, 239 Mass. 606.

The Maternity Act was eventually repealed, but parts of it have been found in other legislative acts. What this act attempted to do was set up government by appointment, run by bureaucrats with re-delegated authority to tax, which is in itself unconstitutional. What was once declared as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of this nation in the past should be upheld in a court challenge today. The constitution hasn't changed. What has changed is the way this government views human life. Today we are defined as human resources, believed to be owned by government. The government now wants us, as individuals, to be tagged and tracked. Government mandated or legislated National I.D. is unconstitutional anyway you look at it. Federal jurisdiction to legislate for the several states does not exist and could never survive a court challenge as shown above. Writing letters to elected public servants won't save us when we all know their agenda does not include serving those who placed them in power. Perhaps the 10th amendment of the federal constitution guaranteeing states rights will, if challenged, when making it known that we as individuals of the several states will not be treated as chattel of the U.S. government. If the federal government believes they own us, and as such have the right to demand national I.D. cards, and health I.D. cards, which will in truth tag us as we tag our animals, then let them bring forth the documents to prove their authority to legislate for it. If our G-D given rights to liberty and freedom, which were the foundation upon which this nation was created do not exist, and liberty and freedom is only an illusion under which the American people suffer, then let the governments of this nation come forward and tell the people. But...if we are indeed free, then we should not have to plead or beg before our elected public servants to be treated as such. If, in truth we are not free, then perhaps it's time to let the final chapter of the Great American Revolution be written..........

www.stopthepirates.blogspot.com

3 procedures that can be used administratively to eliminate credit card debt.

There are at least 3 debt elimination procedures that can be used administratively to eliminate credit card debt:

1. challenge the validation of the debt
2. file a commercial lien against YOUR trust
3. novation of contract
Validation as a debt elimination process to eliminate credit card debt
First you must understand that in our money system there are no funds because there is technically, no money. There is only debt and the debt instruments that are used in place of money. The credit card lender did not loan you any money. They didn't even lend you their credit. They aren't allowed to do that. They used YOUR credit to authorize the use of the card. You can very simply establish this by demanding that they validate the debt. That is, someone in a position of authority at the "lending" corporation would have to sign an affidavit under oath that the debt that they claim you owe is a valid debt. They can't and they won't. They have actually committed fraud and now you are asking them to sign for it. No way they want to stick their neck in THAT noose. Failing to sign the affidavit, they just write the debt off as a loss. This normally takes a series of communications and eventually you paint them into a corner and they quit. If they try to have a collection agency get involved, you simply remind them that the collection agency is not a party to the contract and cannot speak for the "lender." They might have an attorney get involved, but the attorney would have to validate the debt, as well, and handled very promptly, exactly and professionally, your process grinds them to a halt.

Filing a commercial lien against your own trust to eliminate credit card debt

Another version of this debt elimination process picks up on the fact that there are no funds, just debt money. Look at a dollar bill. It does say Federal Reserve NOTE, right? It's a debt instrument that's being used as though it were real money. When you agreed to use the credit card, they used your assent, your signature to create the credit. They used your name to create a trust with themselves named as trustees, and they have used that trust as collateral on the national debt.

That collateralization is in an asset account for the trust after it was monetized on the world money market. Eliminate Credit Card Process #3 establishes YOUR right as the trustor and takes that trust back under your control. Under your control you can transfer trust assets to the trust debt account, thereby discharging the debt. Debt elimination by discharging debt.


You next must understand that the debt is not yours personally. You have, since you began doing money transactions, functioned as a voluntary fiduciary representative for that trust account, paying its bills with your own phony debt money. When you set up your first checking account, you accepted this relationship with the trust the government had set up in your name. You have not had control of this trust because you never claimed it and your parents could not control it for you because they were wards of the State like you and had never claimed it..

One way to see this in action is to notice how the "System" maintains the illusion by artifice and deception. Look at your checkbook. How did they present your name? ALL CAPS. Odd, isn't it? That's similar to your name but you most likely don't spell it with all capital letters. What I did a few years back when I needed more check blanks was to ask the people at the bank to CHANGE my name to normal capitalization of the first letters of my name. She COULDN'T do it because her computer would not permit that. The bank personnel will be unaware of why that is. I just shrugged my shoulders, grinned and told her that that was OK, go ahead and do it the way it was. Do they insist on ALL CAPS because they would like to be very clear and allow no mistakes? The clue to that answer is in the line on which you sign your name. It's not a line. It's nearly microscopic words, fine print, some of the finest fine print you might ever encounter. It generally says something like "ONLY AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE".

If you are familiar with the corporate world, you know that only AUTHORIZED personnel are permitted to sign corporate checks. The AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE of the corporation alone has this role. So you the human being has been given authority to sign the checks of your trust, which is an incorporated entity, a fiction.

For over 125 years, corporations have had many of the attributes of human citizens. Making a fictitious entity that has real attributes of a living person in the law, they can deceive you the real human whose name the bank corporations have appropriated from your birth certificate. The birth certificate represents an Official Certificate of Manufacturer that in the hands of the government can be pledged on a debt, the national debt. The IRS is the collection agency for this pledge. Its roots are not in the United States Code but in the necessity of the Federal Reserve and its parent corporation, the IMF, to collect on the debt instrument they hold. This ALL CAPS name is how the US corporation, State corporation, County corporation, or School District corporation can communicate with you through this Corporate YOU. Interesting, isn't it. It gets better.

When you place a commercial lien against the Corporate YOU for what it owes you for paying its bills or simply because it is yours and you have the birth certificate, drivers license, etc to prove it, then and only then do you take back the power that they had usurped from you at birth. The Constitution says that they cannot levy a tax directly on the citizens of a State. So they don't. They levy a tax on a corporation which they control and send the bill to wherever you reside knowing that you will never figure it out. And you will pay and pay obediently.

Similar to The Matrix, you are trapped in a system that extracts your energy through a fiction and fools the real you into identifying with that fiction. As long as you identify with that fiction they can continue to control the real you in many ways because you are chattel for their purposes. Your children can be taken away, sent off to fight in wars, forced to bow to the demands of the System. That's why debt elimination is the path to real freedom. Are you starting to get the picture?

It's all commerce. That's why witnesses in court testify in the "dock." They are vessels. That's why the flag displayed in the courtroom has all that gold braid and fringe. It's an admiralty court that administers the law of commerce. No, the government might not wish to release you from your debt slavery but when you have taken the necessary legal steps to discriminate between you, the real person, and the fictitious person, they cannot by law expect you to pay the bills assessed to the fiction because you have declared that IT owes you and before ANYONE gets paid, you get paid. It's a commercial lien on a debtor entity. You are following THEIR rules to obtain YOUR freedom and independence.

It's not YOUR poor spending habits. It's not even YOUR national debt to be repaid. The malfeasance and misfeasance of the government is at fault. Since they took all of the REAL money away, and took your energy through fraud, they left no means to ACTUALLY pay your bills.  When you agreed to the use of any or all credit cards, YOU, the living human being, created the "money" to pay the bills. The Federal Reserve Bank (a private institution with NO reserves) deposited that fake "money" in THEIR account and has demanded that you pay interest on it until you have obtained sufficient debt instruments ('money") to exchange for the discharge of the debt. That credit card is not yours, either, you know. Look at the name. Take out your credit cards and look at the name...ALL CAPS. The debt is owed by the fiction even though you have had use of the merchandise or services. The fault lies in a government that has coerced, cajoled, or was complicit in extorting energy from you and intentionally or unintentionally fumbling away your heritage and the future of your family. When you finally TAKE RESPONSIBILITY for yourself instead of remaining a ward of the state, you mark your maturity as a real human being who is the creator of government, not its chattel. When you eliminate credit card debt you are also doing your patriotic duty to the real united States of America.
Secret Weapon Against Lawsuits, the IRS, and More!

Banks rarely go to the trouble and expense of attempting to sue someone who has stopped paying on their credit cards, and that's under normal circumstances!  When they know you have evidence that they've violated Federal law it's very unlikely that they will file suit. They certainly don't wish to sign their names to any affidavit of validation. They must obey the regulations that prevent predatory lending in consumer protection laws.

The non-adversarial, administrative approach shows you how to use 3 different ways to use the UCC administrative processes for those who are not in default or in danger of default. All are non-adversarial ways to eliminate credit card debt and cost the same no matter the number of credit cards, the amount owed, or the number of times you wish to use the process to eliminate credit card debt. We show you how to use a commercial filing of a lien against a constructive trust account at the US Treasury which with proper forms and procedures gives you status as First Creditor. Transferring assets within the national bankruptcy you can discharge your debt as you reduce the national debt. You might be able to continue to use the credit card....and keep on discharging it! The third wau to eliminate credit card debt utilizes the law of contract to change the contract the same way the credit card "lender" often changes it without you knowing it. This third process to eliminate credit card debt is called Novation.